Effective Negotiation Strategies - Being Prepared

On numerous occasions, I have participated in negotiations as a technical consultant on behalf of clients. In order to save time and money, the client often prepares for these negotiations themselves. Through many previous bad experiences, I have learned to ask clients in advance what their idea of negotiation strategies and being prepared actually is. Their answers often show, however, that they are not yet ready to begin an effective negotiation session.

Inexperienced, lazy, or naive negotiators believe that being prepared means 'knowing what they want' out of the negotiations, which generally implies that they have decided on terms that they would be happy with. They may even have given some thought to their worst case scenario, but that tends to be the extent of their negotiation strategies and preparations.

Knowing what you want from a negotiation is only a small part of what it takes to be prepared. The key to success is knowing how you are going to get what you want. Success comes from having effective negotiation strategies that convince the other side that what you want is actually fair and reasonable - or, at the very least, inevitable.

Effective Negotiation Strategies - Being Prepared

Ill-Prepared Negotiators

Most negotiators do not prepare appropriately. Even when large amounts of money are involved, people typically rely on past or similar situations to determine negotiation strategies. They expect to use their wits and develop a strategy on the fly. At best, planning for an effective negotiation session is one-sided and incomplete.

Skilled negotiators love ill-prepared opponents because their negotiation strategies are easier to manipulate. The lack of effective negotiation preparation on the part of their opponent makes their job much easier and allows them to overwhelm the other side with a higher degree of knowledge, preparation, research, and hard-hitting demands.

Being prepared requires that you have some idea of the other party's desired outcomes. A plan is only realistic if you know what the other side wants, and you've figured out a way to give it to them (while getting what you want) or have figured out a way to change their minds to agree with your demands. The more you know about what the other team wants the less there is to negotiate and the easier it is to get an equitable agreement through a stream-lined, effective negotiation session.

Determining Failure or Success

Success is determined when a mutual agreement is met and both sides are satisfied without any hard feelings. To achieve this, you'll need to consider the other side's needs as well as your own.

After all, an effective negotiation should not be a winner-take-all type of contest. The vast majority of negotiations take place with people who you will need to work with after the negotiations have come to a close. If they feel cheated or resentful about a deal that was struck, the working relationship will be harmed.

Failure is judged in terms of potentially damaged relationships or by a deal that you are unhappy with. A failed negotiation might very well be the one in which you got everything you wanted (or thought you did) but ended up damaging your working relationship with a colleague, supplier, or competitor.

It is not uncommon for the purchasing department of large companies to squeeze small suppliers and contractors to the point where there is no profit (or incentive) in the contract that is ultimately signed. The result is a contractor that provides minimal or poor quality service and products. In this context, who is the winner of the negotiations? No one is. Everyone loses.

Successful Preparation Tactics

When planning effective negotiation strategies, it's best to develop a list of objectives for ourselves and imagine what the position would be for the other side. Are they likely to agree to our terms or not? If not, why not? What would they agree to? Taking a win-win approach to effective negotiation strategies creates allies not enemies.

For an effective negotiation session, strategize with the big picture in mind: focus on long-term objectives, not short-term. Preserve relationships even if at the cost of short-term victories. And remember that the next negotiation begins the minute the last one ended. Being prepared means knowing how you are going to get the other side to agree and be happy with the deal you want or need. Being prepared requires planning, strategy, and tactics.

Strategy is developed from your analysis of what are reasonable targets and objectives. Your negotiation strategies are your approach to how you are going to convince the other side to agree to what you want. Tactics are specific, identifiable manoeuvres that implement the negotiation strategies.

Consider this example - a car salesman wants to sell cars for as much as possible. You want to pay the least. But does the car salesman also want you as a long-term customer? Do they want a trade-in car from you? Do they want to provide financing and maintenance? Is there anything other than low price that can be negotiated with a car salesman?

If the salesman only wants the highest possible selling price, your only bargaining chip is knowledge about prices at other dealerships. If, however, the salesman is interested in other aspects of the deal, then there are more details that can be negotiated in order to get you the lowest possible price.

Knowing what the salesman is interested other than just price allows you to develop more sophisticated, effective negotiation strategies and related tactics.

Preparation Checklist

Your targets: Identify objectives and justifications along with their relative priorities. Their targets: Identify what you expect the other side's objectives, justifications, and priorities to be. Strategy: Create an effective negotiation plan for convincing the other side to agree to the terms you want, keeping in mind a long-term, big picture view. Tactics: Specific approaches to how you will present your arguments (i.e. negotiation strategies) in a convincing way. Response to tactics: Predict the other side's tactics and plan your reactions and counter-tactics. Room to move: Be prepared with some pre-determined options to provide you with flexibility in what is asked and offered.
Be Prepared

Negotiating is the art of convincing the other side that you should get what you want. Being prepared for effective negotiation involves a lot more than just knowing what you want. Effective negotiation strategies mean knowing what you would settle for and how you are going to convince the other side to give it to you.

Comprehensive negotiation strategies include prepared reactions to the strategy and tactics of the other side. When you take the time to predict what the other side is likely to want and do and then integrate these predictions into your negotiation strategy, you are among those rare individuals who truly are prepared for negotiations.

Negotiation is a contest. Fortune favours the prepared mind (and negotiator). If you want to be a winner, be properly prepared.

Effective Negotiation Strategies - Being Prepared
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Brian Egan, the President and owner of a giftware manufacturing company called The Book Box Company Inc., is also a management consultant with over twenty years experience in manufacturing and project management. Brian has graduate degrees in Oceanography (M.Sc.) and Finance (M.B.A.) as well as PMP certification. In addition to project management services, Brian provides professional development training to companies, including WestLake Training and Development, an information technology training company, who want to improve their performance by incorporating the best of management science methodologies into their operations.

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Negotiation - Basic Strategies

1- Identify guidelines you should follow during the negotiation;

To have an effective negotiation we should follow some basic strategies:

Separate the people from the problem Focus on interests, not positions Create options, Insist on standards

Negotiation - Basic Strategies

2- Identify steps of the negotiation process;

Recommended steps in negotiating a conflict:

Confront the opposition. Define the conflict mutually. Communicate feelings and positions. Communicate cooperative intentions. Take the other person's perspective. Coordinate the motivation to negotiate. Reach an agreement that is satisfactory to both sides

3- Apply guidelines that will enable you to facilitate effective communication during the negotiation;

It is important to build rapport during a negotiation.

To have an effective communication during the negotiation, we should remember a few key items:

Keep a 'YOU' focus-Most humans love to talk about themselves. Listen well and ask relevant questions. Speak the same language as the other person. Use person's name during the conversation (at least 3-4 times). Use words like 'we', 'our', 'us'.

Other useful suggestions for effective communication during the negotiation process are: offer options and explain them clearly, clarify expectations and offer them time frames.

Body language and non-verbal communication has an effect in the communication process as well.

4- Identify the types of questions you should ask during the negotiation;

These are questions starting with:

What, Where, When, How; Or, Help me understand; Explain to me; Describe to me.

For example, Can you give me the details of your organization structure? Randall, during the negotiation process, asked "How do you put a value on a company like this?"

5- Identify characteristics of the negotiation styles;

Probing is the skill of questioning to obtain information.

Successful negotiators tailor their approach to the behavioral style and needs of their counterparts.

Being able to identify a counterpart's preferred style and adapt your own style accordingly can be incredibly helpful in building productive relationships.

Negotiators who use the Amiable style have a strong need to feel recognized and valued in the negotiating partnership.

Another style that we may encounter when negotiating is the Driver. Drivers have a strong concern for outcomes and when ruthlessly pursuing their goal, may become shark like. Drivers are self-confident, assertive, and when feeling cornered, may become aggressive in their tactics.

Analytical negotiators have a strong need for facts and details, and won't move forward unless they have had the opportunity to carefully analyze all available data.

Blends negotiators are people who have no clear preference for one style, but use a combination of styles. Blends are personable, social and often have a sense of humor

6- Apply the guidelines you should follow when this negotiation becomes challenging.

A range of nonverbal clues may serve as red flags during a negotiation.

When dealing with difficult negotiations, it is important to screen our behavior:

Say and do as little as possible Direct action to alter impressions Present facts that enhance one's position

Negotiation - Basic Strategies
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The Role of the Purchasing Manager

INTRODUCTION

Procurement researches sales records and inventory levels of current stock, find foreign and domestic suppliers, and stay current on any changes in either the supply of or demand for needed products and materials.

Production and Manufacturing are closely related but are not one and the same. Manufacturing involves activities from research, design and development, production, logistics, and service provision to end of life management. Production involves the processes of making, shaping, etc., while manufacturing involves the process of getting raw materials to goods and their associated services

The Role of the Purchasing Manager

Purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents aim to find the best merchandise at the lowest possible purchase cost.

Purchasers and buyers find the best goods or services, choose suppliers, negotiate prices, and grant contracts that ensure that the right amount of the product or service is received when it is needed.

PURCHASING AND MATERIALS ACTIVITIES

The Purchasing Manager plays a pivotal role in procurement, vendor development, and negotiation. The manager plans, organizes, directs, controls, and evaluates the purchasing activities of the company. The manager provides expertise in specifying and procuring new and replacement components, parts and equipment, and reviews technical and quality requirements for the purchase of items, spare parts, and services.

To operate cost-effectively the company requires competitive prices commensurate with the technical and service requirements, and the security required by the business.

The role is to manage and operate this process, in particular developing processes to capture and control expenditure and linking with suppliers, both current and potential, to ensure that best prices and quality is achieved.

The Purchasing Manager develops purchasing policies and procedures and controls the purchasing department budget.

Relationship Management

* Manages day-to-day functioning of purchasing group.

* Reviews purchase orders to ensure adherence to quality and procedures.

* Ensures that re-ordering of stock is carried out on a daily basis as required to maintain adequate stock levels of parts for production.

* Understands assembly process thoroughly to ensure that the material is delivered just in time.

* Participates in the creation of forecasts, and relates those to production programs and stock required for the daily production round.

* Represents purchasing in discussions and strategies aimed at improving overall integration of purchasing, assets, and accounts payable.

* Liaise with Technical department when creating new products or in matters relating to product specification.

* Participate in the development of specifications for equipment, products, or substitute materials.

* Reviewing the technical specifications for accuracy and completeness.

* Manages the creation and maintenance of Equipment Bill of Materials.

* Overseeing the technical and QA requirements on all items (materials, components, and parts) to ensure that purchased items meet design requirements.

* Managing the shipping, handling and storage requirements on components to ensure high quality items are received and issued to the appropriate departments.

* Standardizing and managing the evaluation of replacement items for obsolete parts and component acceptability.

* Support & Coordinating with the various Departments for Procurement of Common Raw Materials & Packaging Materials.

* Coordinate with various departments for smooth functioning of departmental activity, particularly with Accounting department.

* Rate contracts/tendering /market surveys and data bank of prices for ready reckoning and instant estimations.

* Prepares, monitors and controls department business plans / budgets

Supplier Management and Vendor Sourcing and Analysis

* Undertakes Vendor Analysis & Development of new Vendors.

* Identifies early suppliers for company components, concepts, and production programs.

* Manages vendor documentation program, ensuring that a tracking system is in place and maintained.

* Works closely with potential production suppliers to ensure effective support.

* Searches on a worldwide basis for technology suppliers, technology partners, and future potential suppliers for the company and keeping up with market trends.

* Proactive and acts on initiative to maintain a supplier base and when necessary source alternative suppliers to ensure that the required material products remain in constant stock as required.

* Proactively ensures all suppliers adhere to agreed service levels and to have contingencies plans of supply for all core product ranges.

* Develops and implements appropriate long and short term strategic and tactical initiatives in order to achieve specific buying, sourcing targets.

* Supports the Product Design Group with supplier negotiations, supplier timing plans, and cost forecasts to achieve the most cost effective component delivery.

* Negotiates and executes contracts with the vendors as per requirement of quality, cost and delivery.

* Maintains data of all the prices approved as a record and keeps track of changes in prices frequently and updates.

* Reviews purchase orders to ensure adherence to quality and procedures.

* Oversees the purchase orders to Vendors and order acknowledgements from the Vendors.

* Follows up with Vendor for delivery and to get the material at the right time and required quantity at required locations.

* Follow through on outstanding back orders.

* Maintains effective record keeping on all purchase orders and supplier confirmations.

* Coordinates with accounts for payment of suppliers and resolve issues if any.

* Reviews and processes claims against suppliers.

* When necessary, to develop a sub-contractor base whether local or direct to market level and to set-up on-site, sub-contractor QA and process improvement activity.

Cost Reductions and Efficiency Improvements

* Evaluates cost and quality of goods or services.

* Monitors International Trends in Raw Material for effective negotiations.

* Continuously tries to reduce outgoing funds while not compromising on product quality.

* Obtains best prices for imports from carriers.

* Cost Cutting through negotiation with suppliers (domestic/foreign).

* Negotiation and pricing of current and new products.

* Streamlining production, identifying and eliminating inefficiencies.

* When necessary, Just-In-Time purchases to minimize inventory cost.

* Updating and revising existing purchasing procedures to introduce cost cutting measures.

* Balancing regional and global approaches.

* Accurately monitoring and forecasting stock levels.

* Researching and identifying new products and suppliers.

* Always seeking reliable vendors or suppliers to provide quality goods at reasonable prices.

* Precise monitoring of quantity and timing of deliveries.

* Ensuring relationships with existing suppliers are kept manageable and in the best interests of the business - be this through initiating commercial negotiations, implementing improvement programs and making certain quality, cost and delivery are guaranteed.

* Maximizing the supply chain efficiencies for all accountable suppliers and accounting for the in, and outbound supply chain for the business against agreed service and targets.

* Highlighting purchasing opportunities where identified.

* Managing and developing a solid relationship with suppliers to reduce costs and improve quality including on-time deliveries.

* Plans material as per the requirement of assembly processes to support improvement in the production flow.

* Overseeing continuous improvement initiatives to drive process optimization.

* Developing and managing obsolescence programs, including the strategic direction for components and materials.

Team Relationship

* Provide leadership to the team.

* Supervise and motivate the team.

* Develop and train staff to ensure that they meet required performance standards.

* Support in execution of Service Contracts.

* Liaise with support staff as appropriate.

* Provide guidance to staff in handling employee inquiries and to ensure that matters are resolved.

* Demonstrate credibility to win the confidence and support of the top management, suppliers and partners.

* Interact with suppliers, customers, customers' agencies (Artwork Houses etc.), and agents, suppliers and prime producers supplying all group companies.

* Provide assistance to all departments as required.

* Deal effectively with executive, technical and operational and sub-contract personnel.

The Role of the Purchasing Manager
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Joseph Schembri has over 10 years of production, manufacturing, purchasing, logistics and management skills with multi-faceted manufacturing experience. He is also skilled in all phases of procurement, from concept to product roll-out. http://www.schembrionics.com

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Successful Negotiations

Negotiation is finding the best solution to a certain problem or situation. So whether it is in the boardroom or bedroom, courtroom or living room, we all face situations where we have to negotiate about something. Negotiation may involve two or more people. The process entails putting all options on the table and finally coming up with an answer.

What makes negotiations challenging is when the other person or persons have totally opposing views from yours. Another factor that makes negotiations quite difficult is when both or all options are good, but then you have to come up with only one solution.

Success in negotiation is not only getting your "preferred decision" approved but keeping everybody on the negotiation table at peace with your preference.

Successful Negotiations

With these in mind, here now are the steps to successful negotiations. These steps can be applied to personal negotiations (spouse, children, family members, friends), corporate negotiations (board members, staff, leaders, union, congregation), or sales negotiations (whether one-on-one or group).

1. Understand where each person on the negotiation table is coming from.

This can be done by doing your research. Find out everything you can about them and how they feel about certain situations, then, incorporate all these in what you will present during the negotiation.

2. Study and understand what the bottom-line is: What is the main problem? What needs to be achieved?

The success of negotiation lies more in the pre-negotiation phase than the actual negotiation. If you do your homework well, chances are you will have a good presentation. Study all angles and be sure to cover all these.

3. Plan your presentation or talk based on the information you gathered.

The person or persons you are negotiating with should not feel threatened by your preference. Instead, they should see you as an ally more than an opponent.

4. When presenting your side, let everyone know that you are there with everybody's best interest in mind.

You have to let them know that you did your research and that you know what each one's concerns are. Tell them that all these concerns are incorporated in what you are going to present.

5. Be ready for feedback, reactions, and oppositions.

Before you present, let the people on the negotiation table know that you will only entertain questions or reactions after you finish presenting your side. Be very objective and avoid being emotional when you are dealing with oppositions. Always let the opposing party know that you understand where she is coming from.

6. Be open for some changes or modifications of your views and preferences.

Be willing to listen to their views and make the necessary adjustments.

7. Find a common ground.

Look for a common denominator that everyone can agree to.

If you are a Christian, be careful not to put yourself in situations where you have to compromise your belief or the Word of God. Don't even get into any partnerships or business deals with those who are not fellow believers or those who will not use God's Word as the ultimate standard.

Successful Negotiations
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Lisa Maki is the founder of God'z Gurlz, a Bible-based online magazine for women whose mission is to is to provide a place where women can learn to manage their emotions, experience healing, receive love and acceptance, be free to be who God made them to be, and be the best they can be in their homes, schools, professions, relationships, and calling, through sharing of insights and experiences, counseling, prayer, and devotionals, thereby learning from and supporting each other.

For more of Lisa's articles, visit http://godzgurlz.com/

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Salary Negotiation Tips to Bargain For Salary Increase

Do you have the feeling that your employer is continually taking advantage of you? It maybe the right time to plan for a salary negotiation if you feel that you're constantly contributing good value to your company and not getting the pay that you deserve. Effective negotiation helps to resolve situation like this and find solutions that are acceptable to both parties.

Most people are very uncomfortable discussing on the topic of salary increase. This kind of feeling is very common as we are all having fear of being rejected or worry to upset someone during the negotiation. To demand for the right salary that you deserve, you'll need to learn some negotiation fundamentals.

Asking for a salary increase has to begin with a strategic plan, and preparation is the key to be successful in any form of negotiation. You can get a pay increase even if your company is under salary freeze. Here are some effective salary negotiation tips and tactics you can use to fight your case without fear.

Salary Negotiation Tips to Bargain For Salary Increase

1) Assess the situation and know what to target for Before asking for a salary increase, you need to explore your company's policy on salary. Check out if there is any established range for your position. Find out if there are other people in your organization doing similar work, and how much they are being paid. If there is no constraint from the pay policy and you're indispensable, you should feel optimistic and confident with the salary negotiation.

You can bench mark "job search" web sites on the internet to determine how much other companies in the same industry are willing to pay for a comparable position. Different organization may use different job title for the same work. Therefore making comparison of the job scope maybe needed. Understanding the current market value for your position will determine how much you're worth. This allows you to set a figure in mind to shoot for during the salary negotiation session.

2) Be confident with the negotiation If you are a key person in your organization making good contribution, you are armed with bullets, and you can ask for more during the negotiation. Don't worry of losing the job. At the end of the negotiation session, you'll either get a salary increase or you'll figure out you're not in the right organization that can meet your salary expectation. You may want to start to explore other job opportunities.

3) What else besides monetary rewards you should negotiate The remuneration package needs to be evaluated as an overall deal. Don't leave out rewards such as share options, leave passage, pension plans, bonuses, subsidies, etc. The negotiation can be for a raise of any of these rewards. Other non monetary rewards you can demand are the medical coverage, insurance coverage, annual leave, flexible working hours and company car.

4) Draft a letter to request for a meeting on salary increase Never discuss you salary matter with the boss in an ad hoc manner such as after a meeting. If you want to get good result, write a formal letter to your boss by declaring your purpose and arrange suitable time for a discussion. If you're having difficulties to get started, you can seek professional help or refer to the proven pay raise letter examples for ideas on the appropriate format and contents.

5) Prepare a package to sell your contribution You need to package and sell your special skills, accomplishments and contributions for your job objectives, and not to forget to emphasize your special achievements.

6) Build good credibility and demonstrate your value The discussion will be very much smoother if you have built good credibility with the company. Holding the meeting at the right time, for example after delivering some good value to the company, will lower the resistance in getting approval for a salary increase. Attend the meeting with confidence and discuss the case as professional as possible. Personal needs such as "I require more money because of my eldest kid is going to college next year" should not be used as a reason to support the pay raise.

7) Ask smart questions and let the employer do the talking Ask intelligent open-ended questions and lure the employer to do the talking. Be a good listener and let the employer bring about giving you what you want. The employer always thinks that their decision is the best, and they strongly believe in it. Don't challenge their viewpoint, but make them convince your worth and get them to approve your raise.

8) Start negotiation by setting an aggressive goal One of the tactics often use in salary negotiation is to "demand for higher and compromise for lesser." Get the employer to make the first offer to you before you tell them your target. They may offer more than what you expect by surprise. If you've done your homework well on the pay range, you can set your target slightly higher then the upper range. Explain and justify why you're an outstanding employee.

9) Be prepared to move on for a better job If you can demonstrate to the employer that you are prepared to walk away should the negotiation fails, you have created tremendous power and pressure to make the employer compromises. Never show the employer that you are desperate for the job.

Conclusion The objective of a salary negotiation is to find solutions that are win-win for both parties. To ensure the negotiation is successful, you need to prepare all necessary information, learn negotiation tactics for effective bargaining and set up a face-to-face session to discuss the case professional. If you can show the employer that you are willing to move away, you will have more leverage on your bargaining. If you're not easily replaceable in your organization, you should feel confident with the negotiation. If you wish to learn more on salary negotiation tips and tactics, visit our website for more info on all aspects of career resources.

Salary Negotiation Tips to Bargain For Salary Increase
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Negotiation Strategy Vs Tactics

I have spent over twenty-five years now studying, practicing, and teaching martial arts. This includes time spent in the United States Army and living in Japan and Korea studying martial arts there. Two important concepts that I have studied, taught, and written about in a martial or military format are equally important when teaching negotiation. These concepts are strategy and tactics. Sometimes I see people mistakenly using one term when they actually mean the other. In this short article, I want to describe the differences between strategy and tactics as well as illustrate the relationship between the two.

Strategy

Strategy is the overall, big picture, plan, which includes goals or desired outcomes. In the military, strategy is the utilization, during both peace and war, or all of a nation's forces, through large-scale, long-range planning and development, to ensure security or victory. Another definition would be a plan, method, or series of maneuvers or stratagems for obtaining a specific goal or result. A well known strategy used by the Allies in WWII was that of strategic bombing in Europe. The Army Air Corps' strategic bombing doctrine was based on the theory that a bombing force could pound the adversary until its industrial base was destroyed, and with it, its ability and will to wage war. While this example helps illustrate the concept of strategy, it is unfortunate that many of us have probably encountered negotiators that worked from a very similar strategic doctrine.

Negotiation Strategy Vs Tactics

Strategic negotiation is simply the act of devising and carrying out a well thought out plan to achieve your desired outcomes. Often, it is your plan to convince another party to give you something that you want and on your terms. The first thing you must determine when developing a negotiation strategy is what do you really want? What is the purpose of the negotiation? Do you want to purchase a house or commercial building? Do you want a raise in your salary? Do you want to settle a matter that is being litigated? Once you know what you want, and have devised a strategy, you can implement the tactics that will help you achieve your desired outcome.

When one is developing strategy, it is often easier to break your planning into phases. Here is a simple model used with martial arts and warfare that you will notice fits with negotiating equally well:

1. Identify your strategic objectives
2. Collect intelligence
3. Plan for environment
4. Program for engagement

Tactics

Tactics are simply the means by which you carry out your strategy. In the military tactics deals with the use and deployment of troops in actual combat, more specifically, it is the military science that deals with securing objectives set by strategy, especially the technique of deploying and directing troops, ships, and aircraft in effective maneuvers against an enemy. In our example above with the Army Air Corps, the tight formations employed by the bombers to make the best use of the bombers' heavy armament and prevent German fighters from singling out and swarming on lone planes is an example of a tactic used to help carry out the strategy. Another tactic was the employment of high altitude bombing when low level bombing proved to vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire.

One must be very careful not to focus upon activity, means, or tactics at the expense of accomplishment, achieving goals, or desired outcomes. Above all else, obtaining one's objectives in negotiations should be paramount. Of course, the tactics, activities or means we use should always be appropriate and ethical, but we must remember they are merely the ways to attain desired outcomes. Examples of negotiation tactics include things such as:

1. Giving ultimatums
2. Nibbling
3. Shocked or surprised looks
4. Good cop/Bad cop
5. Walk away

There are many tactics people use while negotiating. There is nothing wrong with using certain tactics to carry out your strategy and obtain your objectives. It is not necessarily unethical, deceptive, or unscrupulous to use negotiating tactics, even though some may want you to believe this. Yes, some tactics may be unethical, and as I stated above, we should always be appropriate and ethical, but there is nothing wrong with being competitive.

No, I have not forgotten the Principled Negotiation strategy taught by Fisher and Ury in "Getting To Yes." However, I also realize that sometimes we will be in competitive negotiations, and knowing various tactics can give us the edge. As an attorney, I realize some clients hire an attorney to be their pit bull, and while win-win might be the ideal, some of these clients only care about a win in their column. Practically speaking, we attorneys must deliver for our clients if we want to stay in business. In other fields of business, you run across competitive barganing as well, and knowing tactics may be quite beneficial. Additionally, knowing various negotiation tactics, and the counterattacks, prepare us for when others use them against us.

Conclusion

Strategy and tactics are concepts as old as conflict itself. By understanding the differences and relationships between the two, the successful negotiator can better plan and implement the strategies and tactics to reach specific desired outcomes. There is a reason so many successful business people study the ancient military classics such as "The Art of War" and "The Book of Five Rings." There is a reason why so many successful business people play strategic military games such as Go and Chess. The lessons learned from military sources, especially strategy and tactics, can easily be adapted to help us be better business people, better litigators, and better negotiators.

Negotiation Strategy Vs Tactics
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Alain Burrese, J.D. is a mediator/attorney with Bennett Law Office P.C. and an author/speaker through his own company Burrese Enterprises Inc. He writes and speaks about a variety of topics focusing on the business areas of negotiation and success principles as well as self-defense and safety topics. He is the author of Hard-Won Wisdom From the School of Hard Knocks, several instructional dvds, and numerous articles. You can find out more about Alain Burrese at his websites http://www.burrese.com or http://www.bennettlawofficepc.com

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Letter of Credit - Negotiation

Negotiation means the standard procedures that bank performs which includes checking of the documents and giving value to the seller. The issuing bank may issue the LC available by negotiation with a nominated bank or it may allow the LC to be freely negotiated with any bank. In the first case, the beneficiary, that is the seller, has to present the documents only to that bank, which is the nominated bank. Nevertheless, the nominated bank is not bound to negotiate if it has not undertaken a separate payment obligation to the seller.

The nominated bank may simply refuse to negotiate the documents drawn under the LC. This is because, by having been nominated by the issuing bank, it does not constitute and undertaking to negotiate. If, however, the nominated bank has added its confirmation to the LC at the request of the issuing bank, thereby undertaking a separate payment obligation to the seller, then it has to honour its undertaking and pay for the documents drawn under the LC if they are in order.

LC which does not nominate any bank is normally available for negotiation with any bank in the country of the seller which is willing to negotiate the documents. There are 4 types of negotiation practiced by banks around the world. They are:

Letter of Credit - Negotiation

1. Negotiation without recourse
2. Negotiation with recourse
3. Negotiation against indemnity
4. Negotiation under reserve

A seller may present his documents drawn under LC directly to either:

a) The issuing Bank (bank that issues the LC) or
b) The confirming bank (bank that adds its confirmation at the request of the issuing bank) or
c) To his own bank.

If the seller chooses to present the documents directly either to the ISSUING BANK or to the CONFIRMING BANK, these banks make payment WITHOUT RECOURSE to him. Meaning, the payment that has been paid to the seller shall not in any way become claimable by these banks in the event the documents are found not in order after making such payment.

These banks cannot have recourse to the seller because by issuing or confirming the LC, they have taken upon themselves the risk that the party from whom reimbursement is to be obtained may become insolvent.

Letter of Credit - Negotiation
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Wan Nawawi Hassan is a former lecturer/facilitator with a number of commercial banks in Malaysia. You can visit his blog at http://infodagang2u.blogspot.com

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Bio Vs Resume - What's the Difference?

What's the difference between a bio and a resume (and when do you use each one)? If you're confused about bio versus resume and when to use which, this article will help. A bio is a short summary of the most impressive highlights of your background, whereas a resume gives a comprehensive picture of your education and work experience year by year. Both describe your background but the intended purpose, level of detail and presentation are different.

When to use a bio versus resume

Bios are basically used as promotional material. A bio or career biography tells a short story about you in a couple of paragraphs. It's a summarized version of who you are and what you're all about.

Bio Vs Resume - What's the Difference?

A bio is normally found in a business owner's profile or about the author in the flap jacket of a book. It's intended to be a succinct, compelling overview of the person. In a paragraph or two, the most impressive facts are provided to give a picture to the reader. The description is written in the third person and may include years of experience, some well-known companies, recognized commercial awards, marital status, number of children, place of dwelling, and other pertinent details.

One way to think about it is that a bio is a little advertisement for you and your business. It summarizes just the most impressive highlights of your background. In contrast, a resume gives a complete summary of your experience, education, and skills - normally in chronological order.

When to use a resume instead of a bio

A resume is normally required when applying for a job. A resume shows past history and provides in detail, the working experience, job positions and responsibilities, education with colleges attended, skill certificates achieved and trainings completed.

Whereas a bio is usually formatted in paragraphs, resumes are normally formatted in bullet form and chronological order. You need to account for any missing years that may have occurred due to sickness, travelling, family responsibilities or time out of the workforce. In a pinch, you can omit certain areas in your resume if you wish and only reveal them in person when you have an interview.

To sum up, a bio or biography tells a story about you, whereas a resume gives "just the facts". A bio is a promotional document; a resume is used when applying for a job. Both describe your background but purpose, level of detail and presentation are different. Between the two, the bio is less formal and more interesting to read than the resume.

Bio Vs Resume - What's the Difference?
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Do you need to write a bio? Does it seem like just one more task on your long to-do list? That's not unusual. Most busy professionals find it hard to find the time to sit down and get their professional bio written. Here's a helpful tip: at WriteABio.com you can get great bio samples as well as fill-in-the-blank bio templates written specifically for your type of job. You'll have it all done and complete within the next 20 minutes.

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Six Steps For Negotiation Preparation

The most commonly overlooked aspect of negotiation is preparation. We say things like, "We're just in the negotiation stage of the deal ..." There is no more profitable expenditure of time than the time spent preparing to negotiate. Here's your checklist:

Know what you want and don't want ... Most of us have a general idea of what we want or want to avoid in a deal. Unfortunately, general objectives tend to render general results ... leading to second guessing and dissatisfaction. Instead, write a paragraph describing in detail what you want and don't want from the transaction, then, edit this description furiously until it is laser focused and precise. When we are crystal clear on our objective(s) and rationale(s) for their acquisition, we are most likely to achieve desired results. Know what your counterpart wants and doesn't want ... Now do the same for your counterpart. Write the description of what your opposite is looking for and seeking to avoid. This exercise tends to be a real stumper ... and eventually a real eye-opener. Knowing our counterpart's goals, objectives, and sought after results helps us see commonalities that lead to creative solutions.Know what concessions you are willing to give ... What must you absolutely achieve to consummate a successful bargain? What terms, conditions, extras could you live without? Every great negotiator knows there must be give and take on both sides for agreements that make sense.Know your alternatives ... Remember when you bought your first car? Mine was a 1956 T-Bird. The ,guy I bought mine from told me, "I like you and want to sell you the car ... but there's another person coming over in 30 minutes who also wants the car." Wow, did the dynamics of the negotiation shift on the spot. Having an alternative vendor or supplier really helps your level of confidence.Know your counterpart and your subject matter ... A lot of information is available to us on personality styles, body language, and neuro-linguistic programming. Remember transactions take place between people ... and people view the same facts and appeals differently. Subject matter is simple ... Know it cold-there is no excuse for being ill informed ... and lost credibility is rarely recovered.Rehearse You know how to get to Carnegie Hall! It's the same road to negotiation success - Practice - Practice -Practice! Attend swap meets and flea markets ... They are wonderful opportunities to sharpen your skills. Remember use it or lose it! Most negotiators rarely, if ever, thoroughly prepare to negotiate. But this is the magic! Try this checklist before you negotiate ... Your returns will improve dramatically.

Bio

Six Steps For Negotiation Preparation

Six Steps For Negotiation Preparation
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As a California Criminal Trial Lawyer with 28 years of courtroom experience, JOHN PATRICK DOLAN has handled everything from traffic tickets to death penalty murder cases. Dolan is a recognized California State Bar Certified Specialist in Criminal Law and a true courtroom veteran. He is AV (highest) Martindale-Hubbell rated.

As an author, JOHN PATRICK DOLAN has written twelve, best-selling books, including his classic Negotiate like the Pros™. He is a recognized international authority on negotiation and conflict resolution. And, just to show that he does not take himself too seriously, he is also the co-author of the wildly popular Lawyer's Joke Book™.

A communications veteran, John Patrick Dolan is a radio broadcaster and television legal news analyst appearing frequently on Fox News Channel, MSNBC, and Court TV. He has also been honored by the National Speakers Association as a member of the Professional Speakers Hall of Fame.

In addition to his professional legal experience, John Patrick Dolan serves as CEO of LawTalk™ MCLE, Inc., a continuing legal education company.

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What's the Difference Between a Negotiation, Arbitration, and Mediation?

Negotiation. Involves two or more parties who are engaged in direct discussions with each other in a concerted effort of reaching an agreement. Both parties use persuasion and influence to get the other party to see things their way.

Example:

 A buyer and a salesman are negotiating a price for a car.

What's the Difference Between a Negotiation, Arbitration, and Mediation?

 A wife is negotiating with her husband over use of finances.

 A president is negotiating with another country's leader to remove missile silos that threaten the security of the nation.

Arbitration. This is a form of resolving conflict that is handled outside of court where both parties come before a neutral third-party. The neutral third-party is usually a lawyer and the arbitrator listens to both sides and then passes judgment on a winner and a loser in much the same way as a judge does.

Example:

 Two employees are having issues with each other. They take these issues to the boss. The boss hears both sides and then decides to fire one of the employees.

 Two siblings are having a fight and the mother gets involved. The mother hears what they have to say, and of course both siblings are pointing fingers at the other side. The mother decides to ground them both.

Mediation. Similar to negotiation, but mediation involves the use of a neutral third-party who assists the negotiating parties in reaching an agreement. Mediation is used typically when direct negotiations have failed because the mediator can separate the people from the problem much easier than the stakeholders can.

Example

 A buyer purchases a used car from a seller. The car breaks down soon after. The buyer demands his money back. The seller accuses the buyer of damaging the car himself. Instead of dealing with the matter in court, which can be both costly and time-consuming for both parties, they instead agree to hire a mediator and work out their situation out of court.

 A couple decide to get a divorce, but argue over who gets what. Instead of waging legal war against each other, they decide to work out their agreement with a divorce mediator. The mediator uncovers what the needs and interests are for both the husband and wife as well as separating the emotions from the problems at hand.

 Two nations, on the verge of war after failed negotiations, agree to peace-talks. Neither side trusts the other side, so they ask for the help of a neutral representative to act as mediator for their talks. Through the mediator, both stake-holding countries are able to work out an agreement and avoid war.

© Copyright 2006 by Tristan Loo. All rights reserved.

What's the Difference Between a Negotiation, Arbitration, and Mediation?
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For over 10 years, Tristan Loo has inspired, motivated, and brought success to the lives of the people he’s touched. Successful in his own right, Tristan has competed athletically against Olympians as a world-class gymnast, saved lives as a police officer, authored numerous Personal Development and Interpersonal Communication books and articles, and is a highly sought-after Personal Development Coach. Tristan is the founder of the Synergy Institute, a San Diego based Personal Development Firm. His philosophy of passionate living and helping others fulfill their dreams has continually been the driving force that has placed him well above the industry standard. Visit Tristan's website at http://www.synergyinstituteonline.com or by email at info@synergyinstituteonline.com

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